عِندَatالجَمِيعِeveryoneإِلَّاexceptمَنْwhoشَذَّdeviatesلَيْسَis notوَلَدًاa sonفِيinالمِيرَاثِinheritanceوَنَحْوِهِمand others like themوَهُوَand heوَلَدٌis a sonفِيinتَحْرِيمِprohibitionالنِّكَاحِmarriageوَالْمُحَرَّمِيَّةِand prohibitions
It is the case for everyone except those who deviate; they are not considered sons in inheritance and similar matters, although they are sons in terms of the prohibition of marriage and kinship.
وَلَفْظُAnd the termالنِّكَاحِmarriageوَغَيْرِهِand othersفِيinالأَمْرِthe commandيَتَنَاوَلُincludesالْكاملَthe completeوَهُوَand it isالْعَقْدُthe contractوَالْوَطْءُand intercourseكَمَاasفِيinقَوْلِهِhis sayingفَانْكِحُواSo marryمَاwhateverطَابَis goodلَكُمْfor youمِنَofالنِّسَاءِthe womenوَقَوْلِهِAnd his sayingحَتَّىuntilتَنْكِحُواyou marryزَوْجًاa husbandغَيْرَهُother [than] that
And the term of marriage and others in the command includes the complete, which is the contract and intercourse, as in His saying: 'So marry whatever is good for you of women' [Quran 4:3] and His saying: 'until you marry a husband other than that.' [Quran 2:230]
وَفِيAnd inالنَّهْيِthe prohibitionيَعُمُّit encompassesالنَّاقِصَthe deficientوَالْكَامِلَand the completeفَيَنْهَىit prohibitsعَنْfromالْعَقْدِthe contractمُفْرَدًاindividuallyوَإِنand ifلَمnotيَكُنbeوَطْءٌintercourseكَقَوْلِهِas His sayingوَلَاand do notتَنْكِحُواmarryمَاwhatنَكَحَhas marriedآبَاؤُكُمyour fathersمِنَofالنِّسَاءِthe women
And in the prohibition, it encompasses both the deficient and the complete, thus it prohibits from the contract individually, even if there is no intercourse, as in His saying: 'And do not marry what your fathers have married of the women.' [Quran 4:21]
وَذَٰلِكَAnd thisلِأَنَّbecauseالأَمْرَthe commandمَقْصُودُهُits aimتَحْصِيلُis to obtainالْمَصْلَحَةَthe benefitوَتَحْصِيلُand obtainingالْمَصْلَحَةَthe benefitإِنَّمَاonlyيَكُونُhappensبِالدُّخُولِby enteringكَمَاasلَوifقَالَhe saidاشْتَرِbuy forلِيmeطَعَامًاfoodفَالْمَقْصُودُthus the aimمَاwhatيُحَصَّلُis achievedإِلَّاexceptبِالشِّرَاءِby buyingوَالْقَبْضِand takingوَالنَّاهِيAnd the prohibitorمَقْصُودُهُaimsدَفْعُto preventالْمَفْسَدَةِthe harmفَيَشْمَلُthus it includesكُلَّeveryجُزْءٍpartمِنْهُof itلِأَنَّbecauseوُجُودَهُits existenceمَفْسَدَةٌis harmfulوَكَذَٰلِكَand likewiseالنَّسَبَthe lineageوَالْمِيرَاثَand inheritanceمُعَلَّقٌis tiedبِالْكَامِلِto the completeمِنْهُof itوَالتَّحْرِيمَand the prohibitionمُعَلَّقٌis tiedبِأَدْنَىto the leastسَبَبٍreasonحَتَّىuntilالرَّضَاعَthe breastfeeding
This is because the aim of the command is to attain the benefit, and the attainment of the benefit only occurs by entering, just as if he said: 'Buy me food,' the aim is what is achieved only through buying and receiving. And the aim of prohibition is to prevent harm, thus it includes every part of it, because its existence is harmful, and likewise lineage and inheritance are tied to the complete part of it, and the prohibition is tied to the slightest reason, even breastfeeding.
وَكَذَٰلِكَAnd likewiseكُلَّeverythingمَاthatيَكُونُisلَهُto itمُبْتَدَأًa beginningوَكَمَالًاand completionيُنْفَىis negatedتَارَةًsometimesبِاعْتِبَارِconsideringانتِفَاءِthe negationكَمَالِهِof its completenessوَيُثْبَتُand is establishedتَارَةًsometimesبِاعْتِبَارِconsideringثُبُوتِthe existenceمَبْدَأِهِof its beginningفَلَفْظُThus the termالرِّجَالِmenيَعُمُّincludesالذُّكُورَthe malesوَإِنeven ifكَانُواthey areصِغَارًاyoungفِيinمِثْلِlikeقَوْلِهِhis sayingوَإِنand ifكَانُواthey areإخْوَةًbrothersرِجَالًاmenوَنِسَاءًand womenفَلِلذَّكَرِfor the maleمِثْلُis the same asحَظِّهِthe share ofالْأُنْثَيَيْنِthe females
And likewise, everything that has a beginning and a completion is negated sometimes considering the negation of its completeness, and is established sometimes considering the establishment of its beginning; thus, the term 'men' includes males even if they are young, as in His saying: 'And if they were brothers, men and women, the male has the same share as the females.' [Quran 4:175]
وَلَاAnd do notيَعُمُّincludeالصِّغَارَthe youngفِيinمِثْلِlikeقَوْلِهِhis sayingوَالمُسْتَضْعَفِينَand the weakمِنَofالرِّجَالِmenوَالنِّسَاءِand womenوَالْوِلْدَانِand the boysالَّذِينَwhoيَقُولُونَsayرَبَّنَاOur Lordاَخْرِجْنَاtake us outمِنْfromهَذِهِthisالْقَرْيَةِvillageالظَّالِمَةِthe unjustأَهْلِهَاits people
And it does not include the young, as in His saying: 'And the weak among men and women and children who say: Our Lord, take us out of this unjust village.' [Quran 4:75]
فَإِنَّFor ifبَابَthe doorالهِجْرَةِof migrationوَالْجِهَادِand jihadعَمَلٌis an actيَعْمَلُهُdone byالْقَادِرُونَthose who are capableعَلَيْهِof itفَلَوْSo ifاِقْتَصَرَhe limitedعَلَىtoذِكْرِmentioningالْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَthe weakمِنَofالرِّجَالِmenلَظُنَّit would be assumedأَنْthatالْوِلْدَانَthe boysغَيْرَare notدَاخِلِينَincludedلَأَنَّهُمْbecause theyلَيْسُواare notمِنْofأَهْلِهِhis kindوَهُمْand theyضُعَفَاءُare weakفَذَكَرَهُمْSo he mentioned themبِالْاسْمِby nameالْخَاصِّspecificلِيُبَيِّنَto clarifyعُذْرَهُمْtheir excuseفِيinتَرَكِleavingالهِجْرَةِmigrationوَوُجُوبِand the obligationالْجِهَادِof jihad
For if the door of migration and jihad is an act done by those who are capable of it, if he limited himself to mentioning the weak among men, it would be assumed that the boys are not included, because they are not of his kind, and they are weak. Thus, he mentioned them by name specifically to clarify their excuse in leaving migration and the obligation of jihad.
وَكَذَٰلِكَAnd likewiseالإِيْمَانُfaithلَهُhasمَبْدَأٌa beginningوَكَمَالٌand completenessوَظَاهِرٌand outwardوَبَاطِنٌand inwardفَإِذَاSo ifعُلِّقَتْit is linkedبِهِto itالأَحْكَامُthe rulingsالدُّنْيَوِيَّةُof the worldlyمِنَofالْحُقُوقِthe rightsوَالْحُدُودِand boundariesكَحَقْنِlike the protectionالدَّمِof bloodوَالْمَالِand wealthوَالْمَوَارِيثِand inheritanceوَالْعُقُوبَاتِand worldly punishmentsالدُّنْيَوِيَّةِof worldlyعُلِّقَتْare linkedبِظَاهِرِهِto its outward formلَاnotيُمكنُpossibleغَيْرَother than thatإِذbecauseتَعَلُّقُthe linkingذَلِكَof thisبِالْبَاطِنِto the inwardمُتَعَذَّرٌis impossibleوَإِنand ifقَدَرَit is possibleأَحْيَانًاsometimesعَلْمًاknowledgeفَهُوَit isمُتَعَسِّرٌdifficultوَقُدْرَةًand abilityفَلَاso noيُثْبَتُis establishedبِهِby itفِيinالظَّاهِرِthe outwardوَلَاand notيُمكنُpossibleيُعْلَمُto knowعُقُوبَةٌpunishmentمِنْofيَعْلَمُknowsذَلِكَthatمِنْهُfrom himفِيinالْبَاطِنِthe inward
And likewise, faith has a beginning and completion, and an outward and inward aspect; when the worldly rulings of rights, boundaries, the protection of blood, wealth, inheritance, and worldly punishments are linked to it, they are tied to its outward form and cannot be otherwise, for linking that to the inward aspect is impossible. While it may sometimes be possible in knowledge, it is difficult and capable; therefore, it is not established by it in the outward nor is it possible to know the punishment of one who knows that from him in the inward.
ذَٰلِكَThatعِلْمًاknowledge۳۲۹329
That knowledge 329.