الِاخْتِلَافُThe differenceفِيinنَوْعِthe type ofالتَّوَافُقِharmonyوَشُرُوطِand the conditions ofالْقَافِيَةِ:the rhyme:
The difference in the type of harmony and the conditions of the rhyme:
ثُمَّThenاخْتَلَفَتِdifferedالْمَنَازِعُthe trendsوَالْمَذَاهِبُand the schools
Then trends, schools, traditions, and customs differed regarding the harmony of parts in each verse of poetry and the conditions of shared rhymes appearing at the ends of verses.
وَالْأَعْرَافُand the traditionsوَالْعَادَاتُand the customsفِيinتَوَافُقِharmony ofالْأَجْزَاءِthe parts
in the harmony of parts in each verse of poetry and the conditions of shared rhymes.
فِيinكُلِّeveryبَيْتٍverseمِنَofالْأَبْيَاتِthe verses
in every verse of the poetry.
وَشُرُوطِand the conditions ofالْقَوَافِيthe rhymesالْمُشْتَرَكَةِ،shared,الْوَارِدَةِappearingفِيinأَوَاخِرِends ofالْأَبْيَاتِ،the verses,
and the conditions of the shared rhymes appearing at the ends of the verses,
فَالْعَرَبُFor the Arabs–—مَثَلًاfor example–—عِنْدَهُمْhaveضَوَابِطُrulesوَأُصُولٌand principles
for the Arabs, for example, have rules and principles clarified by Al-Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Farahidi,
بَيَّنَهَاclarified themالْخَلِيلُAl-Khalilالْفَرَاهِيدِيُّ،Al-Farahidi,
clarified by Al-Khalil Al-Farahidi,
وَالْهُنُودُand the Indiansيَجْرُونَproceedعَلَىaccording toتَقَالِيدَtraditionsوَعَادَاتٍand customs
while the Indians follow traditions and customs governed by their innate linguistic intuition.
تَحْكُمُgovernبِهَاthemسَلِيقَتُهُمُtheir intuitionاللُّغَوِيَّةُlinguisticالْفِطْرِيَّةُ.innate.
governed by their innate linguistic intuition.
وَهَكَذَاAnd thusاخْتَارَchoseأَهْلُthe people ofكُلِّeveryعَصْرٍeraوَمِصْرٍand land
And thus the people of every era and land chose a system and a path.
وَضْعًاa positionمِنَofالْأَوْضَاعِthe positionsوَمَسْلَكًاand a pathمِنَofالْمَسَالِكِ.the paths.
a position among positions and a path among paths.
الْأَمْرُThe matterالْجَامِعُthe unifyingالْمُشْتَرَكُ:the shared:
The Unifying Shared Matter:
وَإِذَاAnd ifأَرَدْنَاwe wantedأَنْtoنَنْتَزِعَextractمِنْfromبَيْنِamongهَذِهِtheseالْعَادَاتِcustoms
And if we want to extract from among these customs, situations, schools, and sources a unifying shared matter,
وَالْأَوْضَاعِand situationsوَالْمَذَاهِبِand schoolsوَالْمَشَارِبِand sources
and situations, schools, and sources,
أَمْرًاa matterجَامِعًاunifyingمُشْتَرَكًا،shared,وَسِرًّاand a secretشَامِلًاcomprehensiveدَقِيقًاsubtle
a unifying shared matter, and a subtle comprehensive secret,
فَإِنَّهُthen itهُوَisالتَّوَافُقُthe harmonyالتَّقْدِيرِيُّestimatedأَوْorالتَّخْمِينِيُّconjecturalلَيْسَnotغَيْرَ.other.
it is none other than estimated or conjectural harmony.
[عَرُوضُ[The prosody ofالْعَرَبِ:]the Arabs:]
[Prosody of the Arabs:]
فَالْعَرَبُFor the Arabs–—مَثَلًاfor example–—يَسْتَعْمِلُونَuse"مَفَاعِلُن""mafa'ilun"وَ"مُفْتَعِلُن"and "mufta'ilun"
For the Arabs, for example, use "mafa'ilun" and "mufta'ilun" in place of "mustafilun"
مَكَانَin place of"مُسْتَفْعِلُن""mustafilun"وَيَعْتَبِرُونَ:and consider:"فَعِلَاتُن""fa'ilatun"وَ"فَاعِلَاتُن"and "failatun"
and consider "fa'ilatun" and "failatun" according to the correct rule instead of "failatun"
وَفْقَaccording toالْقَاعِدَةِthe ruleالصَّحِيحَةِcorrectبَدَلَinstead of"فَاعِلَاتُن""failatun"
according to the correct rule instead of "failatun"
وَيَهْتَمُّونَand they care aboutبِمُوَافَقَةِmatchingضَرْبِthe drop (end) ofبَيْتٍa verseبِضَرْبِwith the drop ofبَيْتٍa verseآخَرَanother
and they care about matching the end of a verse with the end of another verse and the hemistich of a verse with the hemistich of another verse,
وَعَرُوضِand the hemistich ofبَيْتٍa verseبِعَرُوضِwith the hemistich ofبَيْتٍa verseآخَرَ،another,
and the hemistich of a verse with the hemistich of another verse,
وَيَسْمَحُونَand they allowفِيinالْحَشْوِthe filler partsبِكَثْرَةِwith an abundance ofالزِّحَافَاتِ،poetic alterations,
and they permit an abundance of poetic alterations (zihafat) in the filler parts,
عَلَىcontraryالْعَكْسِto the oppositeمِنْofشُعَرَاءِthe poets ofفَارِسَPersiaالَّذِينَwhoيَسْتَهْجِنُونَdisapprove ofالزِّحَافَاتِpoetic alterationsوَيَكْرَهُونَهَا.and detest them.
contrary to the Persian poets who disapprove of poetic alterations and detest them.
قَوَافِيThe rhymes ofالْعَرَبِ:the Arabs:
The Rhymes of the Arabs:
كَذَلِكَLikewiseالشُّعَرَاءُthe poetsالْعَرَبُArabيَسْتَحْسِنُونَconsider goodإِذَاifكَانَتِwasالْقَافِيَةُthe rhymeمَثَلًاfor example
Likewise, Arab poets consider it good if the rhyme, for example,